The 2 Biggest Factors That Influence Aging, According to Research

Aging is a complex process shaped by various lifestyle choices and environmental conditions. While genetics play a role, new research highlights that certain external factors have a much more significant impact on biological aging. A large-scale study analyzed data from nearly half a million individuals and pinpointed the two most influential factors—smoking and socioeconomic status.

This study offers a deeper understanding of how everyday habits and living conditions contribute to aging, disease risks, and overall life expectancy.

Researchers examined 164 different lifestyle and environmental elements to assess their impact on aging and age-related diseases. The study utilized an advanced tool known as an “aging clock” to estimate biological aging based on molecular markers in the body rather than chronological age.

One of the lead researchers explained that previous studies hinted at the dominant role of environmental factors over genetics in aging. However, this research provided concrete data to support that idea. By focusing on external exposures, scientists were able to evaluate their direct influence on lifespan and health outcomes.

The aging clock used in this study measures biological age by analyzing proteins in the blood. Unlike traditional methods that rely on birth years, this model provides a more accurate picture of internal aging. The researchers determined that the aging clock effectively predicts future health risks, mortality rates, and the likelihood of developing multiple chronic diseases.

To ensure the validity of their findings, they only included factors that showed a consistent association between aging and mortality. Any conflicting data—where a factor seemed to accelerate aging but decrease mortality risk or vice versa—was excluded from the study.

Among the 25 factors linked to aging and mortality, 23 were considered modifiable. The study highlighted the most impactful influences, including:

1. Smoking habits
2. Income and financial stability
3. Physical activity levels
4. Housing conditions
5. Education and employment status
6. Sleep patterns and tiredness frequency

Smoking was found to be the most damaging factor, correlating with 21 different diseases. Meanwhile, financial struggles and lower socioeconomic status were linked to 19 health conditions. The findings emphasize that fundamental aspects of daily life significantly impact longevity—often more than trendy wellness interventions.

The study revealed that environmental factors account for 17% of variations in mortality risk, whereas genetics only explain about 2%. The strongest associations were seen in diseases affecting the lungs, heart, and liver. In contrast, genetic predisposition remained the primary risk factor for conditions like dementia and breast cancer.

One of the researchers stated that these findings reinforce the importance of lifestyle and policy interventions. Unlike genetics, environmental influences are largely within human control, offering opportunities to enhance overall health and lifespan.